)  <1  ^ 


S  I  J  'C.  C 


Chai" elain  ,  H  •  , 


1 


<  ( 


The  Open  Sore  of  the  World.” 


AFRICA’S 

INTERNAL  SL^E-TRADE 

AND 

A  PRACTICAL  PLAN  FOR  ITS  EXTINCTION. 

BY  ^ 

HELIXHATELAIN 


WITH  AN  INTRODUCTION 
BY 

REV.  JOSIAH  STRONG,  D.D. 


1896: 

New  York. 


INTRODUCTORY. 


The  following  presentation  of  facts,  together  with  the 
suggested  project,  appeals  to  every  one  interested  in  the 
progress  of  civilization  and  of  Christianity.  The  scheme 
proposed  seems  to  me  entirely  feasible,  far-sighted  and 
calculated  to  contribute  much  to  the  healing  of  the 
“  open  sore  of  the  world.” 

Mr.  Heli  Chatelain’s  long  experience  in  Africa,  his 
exceptional  opportunities  of  observation  and  his  in¬ 
timate  knowledge  of  the  country,  its  people,  their  lan¬ 
guages,  customs  and  condition  entitle  his  suggestions 
to  most  careful  consideration.  He  is  ex-United  States 
Commercial  Agent  at  Loanda,  West  Africa;  corre¬ 
sponding  member  of  various  geographical  societies; 
author  of  a  grammar  of  Tvimbundu,  which  is  the  gen¬ 
eral  language  of  Angola,  written  in  Portuguese;  author 
also  of  a  comparative  grammar  and  of  vocabularies, 
written  in  German,  of  a  series  of  “Bantu  Notes,”  of 
the  African  articles  in  the  Century  Cyclopedia  of  Names 
of  a  volume  entitled  “  Folk-tales  of  Angola,”  and  trans¬ 
lator  of  two  Gospels  into  Kimbundu. 

JosiAH  Strong. 


GENERAL  ACT  OF  THE  BRUSSELS  CONFERENCE 


AND 

PHILAFRICAN  LIBERATORS’  LEAGUE. 

On  January  19,  1892,  the  President  of  the  United 
States,  as  previously  advised  by  the  Senate,  ratified  a 
“  General  Act  between  the  United  States  of  America 
and  the  other  Powers  for  the  repression  of  the 
African  slave-trade,  and  the  restriction  of  the  im¬ 
portation  into,  and  sale  in,  a  certain  defined  zone  of 
the  African  Continent,  of  fire-arms,  ammunition  and 
spirituous  liquors.” 

The  ratification  was  deposited  with  the  King  of 
the  Belgians  on  February  2,  1892;  the  Act  was  pro¬ 
claimed  on  April  2,  1892,  and  on  the  same  day  it 
took  effect. 

This  Act  or  Treaty  had  been  negotiated  by  the 
plenipotentiaries  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
Germany,  Austria-Hungary,  Belgium,  Denmark, 
Spain,  the  Independent  State  of  Kongo,  the  French 
Republic,  Great  Britain,  Italy,  the  Netherlands, 
Persia,  Portugal,  Russia,  Sweden  and  Norway,  the 
Ottoman  Empire,  and  Zanzibar,  at  what  is  known  as 
the  Brussels  Conference  of  1889-90. 

This,  the  most  representative  Congress  of  the 
Christian  and  Mohammedan  States  that  ever  as¬ 
sembled,  had  been  convened  by  the  King  of  the 
Belgians,  at  the  request  of  Great  Britain,  in  answer 


4 


to  a  petition  of  the  British  and  Foreign  Anti-Slavery 
Society. 

It  was  the  result  and  the  climax  of  an  anti-slavery 
movement  which  had  stirred  northern  and  southern 
Europe,  Catholic  and  Protestant  countries,  down  to 
the  humblest  strata  and  up  to  the  highest  ecclesiastic 
and  political  circles. 

At  the  voice  of  Cardinal  Lavigerie,  the  civilized 
■world  had  at  last,  in  1888,  waked  up  to  a  conscious¬ 
ness  of  the  appalling  atrocities  committed  in  Africa 
by  Arab  and  native  slave-raiders  and  slave-dealers 
at  the  places  of  capture,  and  on  the  march  to  tlie 
coast,  as  also  of  the  existence  of  slavery  as  a  con¬ 
stituent  element  of  societ}^  in  almost  every  part  of 
the  Dark  Continent. 

Urged  by  public  opinion,  the  Powers  in  Congress 
assembled  laid  down  in  the  Brussels  Act  the  rules 
which  should  govern  them  in  the  suppression  of  the 
slave-trade,  the  gradual  abolition  of  slavery,  and 
the  restriction  of  the  rum-trade  in  all  parts  of  the 
Continent  where  their  authority  should  be  estab¬ 
lished. 

The  Act  wisely  declares  that  the  best  means  to 
extinguish  the  slave-trade,  and  slavery  itself,  are: 

(1)  The  organization  of  a  civilized  administration 
by  Cliristian  nations. 

(2)  The  establishment  of  a  net-work  of  fortified 
stations  and  centers  of  civilization. 

(3)  The  development  of  lines  of  communication  by 


o 


roads,  especially  railroads,  by  steam  navigation  on 
lakes  and  rivers,  and  by  telegraphic  wires. 

(4)  The  organization  of  an  armed  police  force,  to 
intercept  slave-caravans  and  ensure  the  safety  of  the 
roads  and  waterways. 

(5)  The  exclusion  of  rum  and  fire-arms  from  certain 
regions. 

(6)  The  encouragement  cf  scientific  exploration, 
of  legitimate  commerce,  and  of  Christian  missions 
without  distinction  of  creed. 

It  provides  for  the  establishment  of  bureaus  in 
Europe  and  in  Africa^  to  watch  over  the  execution 
of  its  clauses,  for  the  granting  of  letters  of  freedom 
by  competent  authorities,  for  tlie  repatriation  or  the 
settlement  and  education  of  liberated  slaves. 

Recognizing  that  mere  liberation  seldom  improves 
the  condition  of  the  slave,  it  calls  for  the  assistance 
of  special  societies  organized  for  the  purpose  of 
liberating,  settling  and  educating  the  victims  of  the 
slave-trade. 

As  it  stands,  the  xVet  of  the  Brussels  Conference 
answers  the  needs  of  the  case  for  the  present. 

Where  it  shows  weak  points,  it  is,  or  can  be,  sup¬ 
plemented  by  national  legislation,  and  perfected  by 
future  Congresses. 

What  has  already  been  done  toward  the  extinction 
of  the  slave-trade? 

*  The  United  States  Government  pays  its  share  towards  tho 
expenses  of  these  Bureaus. 


6 


In  her  East-African  Empire,  Germany  has  effectu¬ 
ally  put  down  Arab  rule,  and  she  is  making  it  more 
and  more  unsafe  for  the  raiders  to  continue  their  in¬ 
human  business  around  the  Great  Lakes. 

England  has  successfully  fought,  and  still  keeps 
in  check,  the  slavers  of  Nyassa-land;  and  she  is  pre¬ 
paring  more  stringent  measures  for  a  gradual  aboli¬ 
tion  of  slavery  in  her  protectorates  of  Zanzibar, 
East-Africa  and  Uganda. 

In  a  series  of  brilliant  campaigns,  the  Kongo  State 
has  destroyed  the  strongholds  of  the  Arabs  on  Lake 
Tanganika,  on  the  Lualaba,  on  the  Aruwimi,  on  the 
Mobanghi,  and  it  perseveres  in  the  work  of  repression 
with  unabated  vigor. 

In  this  Avarfare  it  has  been,  and  still  is,  valiantly 
supported  by  the  military  auxiliaries  of  the  Catholic 
Missions,  and  by  the  Belgian  Anti-Slavery  Society, 
which  has  already  equipped  four  military  expedi¬ 
tions,  and  goes  on  doing  very  effective  work  on  the 
western  shore  of  Lake  Tanganika. 

Many  thousands  of  slaves  have  been  freed.  As 
many  as  could  be  received  and  cared  for  w'ere  turned 
over  to  the  Catholic  and  Protestant  mission  stations. 

The  Kongo  State  has  established  and  supports 
four  colonies  of  liberated  jmuths  of  both  sexes, 
whose  education  for  state  service  as  artisans  and 
soldiers  has  been  intrusted  to  Catholic  Fathers  and 
Sisters. 

Towns  of  over  4,000  refugees  have  gathered 
around  some  fortified  posts  of  the  Belgian  Anti- 


7 


Slavery  Society  and  of  the  Catholic  Stations  on  Lake 
Tanganika. 

Unfortunately  the  aggregate  receiving  capacity 
of  all  freedmen’s  refuges  and  settlements  is  sadly 
inadequate,  even  in  the  relatively  few  places  where 
the  civilized  authorities  are  able  to  interfere  with 
the  slaving  business,  and,  owing  no  doubt  to  this 
lack,  colonial  governments  have  not  resisted  the 
temptation  of  compelling  freedmen  to  involuntary 
servitude  as  soldiers,  as  laborers  and  as  beasts  of 
burden. 

Anti-slavery  societies,  such  as  the  Brussels  Act 
calls  for,  have  been  formed  in  all  Catholic  and  Prot¬ 
estant  countries  of  Europe;  not  only  in  those  which 
have  political  interests  in  Africa,  but  also  in  Switz¬ 
erland,  in  Austria,  in  Holland,  in  Sweden  and 
Norway. 

Pope  Leo  XIII. ,  under  whose  leadership  Cardinal 
Lavigerie  had  inaugurated  the  Anti-slavery  Crusade, 
is  still  one  of  its  most  enthusiastic  and  munificent 
supporters. 

The  Evangelical  Alliance,  in  which  all  Protestant 
bodies  unite,  has  twice  invited  its  branches  to  pro¬ 
mote  the  organization  of  national  liberation  leagues. 

While  the  poorest  in  Europe  do  not  withhold  their 
pennies,  the  rich  give  of  their  wealth,  the  great  use 
their  infiuence,  the  brave  offer  their  lives. 

In  one  day’s  collection,  the  Catholic  Churches 
raised  $100,000,  and,  in  a  few  months,  Cardinal 
Lavigerie  had  received  $300,000  for  his  crusade. 


8 


For  the  relief  of  its  imperilled  expedition  on  Lake 
Taiiganika,  the  Belgian  Society  raised,  in  little 
Belgium,  by  one  appeal,  $34,000,  in  addition  to  its 
regular  contributions. 

At  the  head  of  the  societies  for  the  relief  and  the 
emancipation  of  African  slaves,  we  find — in  Ger¬ 
many  :  Prince  Hoheulohe-Laugenburg,  Count  von 
Arnim-Muskau,  General  von  Strubberg,  the  Arch¬ 
bishop  of  Cologne;  in  Switzerland;  Edouard  Na- 
ville  and  Count  de  St.  George ;  In  Italy  :  Prince 
Rospigliosi ;  in  Belgium  :  Leopold  11. ,  the  Count  of 
Flanders,  Mgr.  Jacobs,  and  the  flower  of  the  Belgian 
nobility  and  clergy,  of  scientific,  financial  and  politi¬ 
cal  circles.  In  fact,  the  whole  Belgian  nation  seems 
to  have  become  a  vast  Liberators’  League. 

What  have  the  people  of  America  done  so  far  in 
this  great  humanitarian  cause  ?  Nothing  ! 

Our  Government  could  not  afford  to  refuse  its  co¬ 
operation  to  the  civilized  nations  in  the  framing  and 
sanctioning  of  laws  for  the  healing  of  the  world’s 
open  sore  ;  can  we,  the  people  of  America,  afford  to 
remain  idle  spectators  while  Europe  is  pouring  out 
her  gold  and  her  blood  in  a  sublime  effort  to  give 
freedom  and  Christian  civilization  to  the  100,000,000 
slaves  in  martyred  Africa? 

Hear  the  wail  of  Ethiopia  as  voiced  by  Burton  ; 
“We  are  the  flesh  ;  they  are  the  knife  !  ”  Listen  to 
Mackay  of  Uganda:  “Africa  is  bleeding  out  her 
life-blood  at  every  pore  !  ”  Harden  not  your  heart 
against  Livingstone’s  last  plea:  “All  I  can  add,  in 


9 


my  solitude,  is :  May  Heaven’s  rich  blessing  come 
down  on  every  one — Amekicax,  English  or  Turk — 
who  will  help  to  heal  this  open  sore  of  the  world  !  ” 

While  I  write  and  while  you  read,  while  we  slum¬ 
ber,  eat  or  drink,  or  work,  thousands  of  miles  away, 
’mid  the  blaze  and  smoke  of  burning  homes,  fathers 
and  brothers  are  being  shot  or  slain,  children  speared, 
young  men  and  women  chained  and  marched  off  to 
the  slave-mart.  All  along  the  thousand  narrow 
paths  trod  by  trading  caravans,'  in  the  Sudan  and 
in  the  Kongo  Basin,  hundreds  of  women  and  men 
are  breaking  d(jwn  to  rise  no  more,  waiting  to  be 
finished  and  buried  by  the  hyenas.  In  the  planta¬ 
tions,  men,  women  and  children  are  being  Avorked 
to  death  ;  up  and  doAvn  a  whole  Continent  man  is 
used  as  currency,  and  young  people  are  being  sold 
as  chattels  by  parents  who  know  no  better. 

So  deep-rooted  and  so  vast  is  the  evil,  that  even 
when  America  shall  vie  with  Europe  in  holy  enthu¬ 
siasm  and  practical  effort,  two  or  three  generations 
will  have  their  hands  full  to  carry  out  the  program 
of  the  present  movement. 

During  my  twelve  years  of  unpaid  service  in  the 
African  cause,  I  have  had  abundant  opportunity  to 
become  acquainted  with  African  slavery  and  slave- 
trade.  I  know  the  roots  of  the  system  ;  its  work¬ 
ings  ;  its  fruits.  Gangs  of  slaves,  ten,  twenty,  fifty, 
a  hundred  at  a  time,  from  all  parts  of  the  interior, 
scarred  and  starved,  walking  skeletons  picking  up 
dirt  to  beguile  the  gnawings  of  hunger,  have  again 


10 


and  again  passed  before  my  eyes.  And  I  could  not 
help  !  In  agony  of  soul,  I  had  to  turn  away,  and 
try  to  forget.  But  the  thought  of  it  clung  to  me  ; 
it  preyed  on  my  vitals ;  it  helped  to  bring  me  down 
to  the  borders  of  eternity.  But,  even  there,  the 
vision  kept  haunting  me  by  day  as  by  night; 

A  dream  IVe  had, 

To  drive  me  mad  : 

I  saw  Ham  stand 
With  outstretclied  hand. 

His  hollow  cheek. 

His  knees  so  weak. 

His  starving  look 
My  stout  heart  shook. 

He  said  no  word  ; 

No  sound  was  heard  ; 

Yet  in  mine  ear 
Came  ringing  clear ; 

Christ  in  Ham’s  stead 
You  see  unfed. 

Shall  Christ  in  pain 
Thus  plead  in  vain  ? 

No  !  if  I  can  help  it.  Emerging  into  convales¬ 
cence,  I  vow’ed  that,  rather  than  whither  under  the 
stare  of  that  vision,  I  would  die.  if  need  be,  in  the 
attempt  to  create,  in  America,  a  League  of  Liber¬ 
ators,  which  would  achieve  for  captive  Ham,  what, 
short-lived  and  single-handed,  I  could  not  hope  to 
accomplish. 

To  help  forward  this  movement  by  word  or  deed, 
editors  of  the  secular  and  religious  press,  preachers 


11 


of  the  Word,  philanthropists,  and  all  those  who  with 
the  enjoyment  of  freedom’s  privileges  realize  the  duty 
of  helping  others  to  the  same  blessings,  are  earnestly, 
hopefully,  appealed  to. 

Last  in  the  order  of  time,  America  may  yet,  with 
their  potent  help,  take  the  lead  in  this  international 
movement  for  the  wiping  out  of  slavery  through  the 
triumph  of  Christian  civilization  in  Darkest  Afiica. 

Heli  Chatelain. 


PLAN  OF  THE 

“PHILAFRICAN  LIBERATORS’  LEAGUE.” 


Objects :  (1)  To  gather  and  diffuse  authentic  infor¬ 
mation  regarding  slavery  and  slave-trade  in  Africa. 

(2)  To  found,  in  Africa,  refuges  and  settlements 
of  liberated  slaves,  in  accordance  with  the  Brussels 
Act. 

Plan  of  Work:  (1)  Obtain  from  England,  Ger¬ 
many,  France,  Portugal  or  the  Kongo  State  suitable 
concessions  of  land  and  the  promise  of  liberated 
slaves — if  possible,  with  a  subsidy. 

(2)  Settle  these  ex-slaves  on  alternate  lots,  with 
the  needful  tools,  seeds,  clothing  and  food  to  enable 
them  to  raise  a  first  crop. 

(3)  Teach  them  by  example  how  to  improve  native 
house-building,  farming  and  industries  ;  introduce 
civilized  trades  and  new  cultures  of  salable  produce. 


12 


(4)  Induce  the  settlers  to  work,  by  purchasing 
tliis  salable  produce  and  giving  them  in  exchange 
useful  articles  of  trade;  encouraging  them  also  in 
thrift. 

(5)  Sell  them  the  empty  lots  as  fast  as  they  have 
earned  enough  to  pay  for  them,  and  procure  them 
legal  titles  to  their  farms  as  soon  as  they  realize  the 
importance  and  responsibilities  of  proprietorship. 

(6)  Teach  them  reading,  writing,  arithmetic, 
geography,  and  give  practical  instruction  in  non¬ 
sectarian  Christian  religion,  as  well  as  in  civilized 
citizenship. 

(The  fact  that  since  the  first  English  mission  went 
to  Uganda,  in  1872,  over  50,000  Ba-ganda  have 
learnt  to  read,  shirking  no  hard  work  to  earn  where¬ 
with  to  buy  books,  and  that  the  Protestant  chiefs 
have  voluntarily  manumitted  their  slaves,  shows 
that  educational  effort  pays.) 

(7)  Submit  each  colony  to  a  code  of  rules  de¬ 
signed  to  exclude  the  main  causes  of  the  African’s 
miseries  and  of  the  ruler’s  difficulties,  which  causes 
are:  (a)  Witch-doctoring  (practical  poisoning),  legal 
ordeals  (from  which  thousands  die  year  after  year), 
and  all  heathen  practices;  (b)  polygamy,  with  all  its 
evil  concomitants  (cause  of  endless  misery);  (c)  rum 
and  hemp-smoking  (two  baneful,  brutalizing  agen¬ 
cies);  (fO  Mleness  (largely  due  to  slavery);  (e)  im¬ 
moral  white  men. 

of  Workers. — (1)  A  superintendent  (if  pos- 


13 


sible  a  medical  man);  (2)  a  farmer  and  mechanic ;  (3) 
a  teacher  (one  or  two  of  these  married);  (4)  native 
Christians  or  colored  Americans  as  assistants. 

Probable  Cost. — Foundation  and  first  year  of  one 
settlement  for  about  200  men  and  women  $10,000; 
second  year  §2,000;  within  a  few  years  final  self- 
support. 

It  is  hoped  that  each  settlement  will  become  self- 
propagating,  the  income  from  the  sale  of  empty 
lots  enabling  the  Society  to  start  another  colony. 

Any  person  or  company  giving  $5,000  would 
have  the  naming  of  a  settlement  and  a  voice  in  its 
management. 

Organization  (special  features). — Name:  “Phil- 
african  Liberators’ League.”  Membeksiiip :  Every 
person  contributing  $1  annually.  Local  Branches: 
to  be  established  in  principal  cities.  Officers:  (1) 
An  Executive  Committee,  composed  of  prominent 
men  and  women,  who  take  a  practical  interest  in 
the  League  and  are  able  to  meet  at  stated  times;  (2) 
A  General  Council  composed  of  delegates  of  Local 
Branches;  (3)  An  International  Council,  composed 
of  great  names  connected  with  African  work ;  its 
functions  being  honorary  and  advisory;  (4)  And,  of 
course,  the  usual  staff  of  presidents,  secretaries, 
trustees,  etc. 

General  Policy. — Unlike  some  European  societies, 
the  Philafricau  League  is  not  going  to  fight  the 
Arabs  nor  the  native  slave-dealers;  nor  will  it 


14 


attack  slave-holders  or  the  native  institution  of 
slavery  where  it  is  still  legal.  It  will  simply  take 
the  slaves  whom  the  governments  have  liberated, 
and  transform  them,  in  cordial  understanding  with 
said  governments,  into  hard-working,  civilized, 
law-abiding  Christian  citizens  of  the  countries  in 
which  they  reside. 

Owing  to  political  rivalry,  French,  German  or 
Belgian  societies  have  no  thought  of  founding 
colonies  in  territories  of  another  nationality.  As 
neutrals,  the  Americans,  as  well  as  the  Swiss,  are 
welcome  in  all  sections  of  the  continent. 


A  FEW  ARTICLES  OF  THE  BRUSSELS  ACT. 


Article  IV. — The  Powers  promise  to  encourage, 
aid  and  protect  such  national  associations  and  enter¬ 
prises  due  to  private  initiative  as  may  wish  to  co¬ 
operate  in  the  repression  of  tlie  slave  trade,  subject 
to  their  receiving  previous  authorization. 

Article  LXXXVIIL— The  signatory  Powers 
shall  favor  in  their  possessions  the  foundation  of 
establishments  of  refuge  for  women  and  of  educa¬ 
tion  for  liberated  children. 

Article  LXXXVII. — The  liberation  offices  or 
the  authorities  charged  with  this  service  shall  de¬ 
liver  letters  of  release,  and  shall  keep  a  register 
thereof. 

In  case  of  the  denunciation  of  an  act  connected 


15 


with  the  slave  trade,  or  one  of  illegal  detention,  or 
on  application  of  the  slaves  themselves,  the  said 
offices  or  authorities  shall  exercise  all  necessary 
diligence  to  insure  the  release  of  the  slaves  and  the 
punishment  of  the  offenders. 

The  delivery  of  letters  of  release  shall  in  no  case 
be  delayed  if  the  slaves  be  accused  of  a  crime  or 
offense  against  the  common  law.  But  after  the  de¬ 
livery  of  the  said  letters  an  investigation  shall  be 
proceeded  with  in  the  form  established  by  the 
ordinary  procedure. 

Article  LXXXIX. — Freed  slaves  may  always 
apply  to  the  offices  for  protection  in  the  enjoyment 
of  their  freedom.  Whoever  shall  have  used  fraud¬ 
ulent  or  violent  means  to  deprive  a  freed  slave  of 
his  letters  of  release,  or  of  his  liberty,  shall  be  con¬ 
sidered  as  a  slave-dealer. 

Article  XVIII. — In  the  possessions  of  each  of 
the  contracting  Powers  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
government  to  protect  liberated  slaves;  to  return 
them,  if  possible,  to  their  country;  to  procure 
means  of  subsistence  for  them,  and,  in  particular,  to 
take  charge  of  the  education  and  subsequent  em¬ 
ployment  of  abandoned  children. 

Persons  desiring  to  become  liberators  at  home  or 
abroad,  or  to  help  in  starting  Local  Leagues,  or  to 
obtain  additional  information,  may  address  Heli 
Chatelain,  511,  United  Charities  Building,  corner 
Fourth  Avenue  and  22d  St.,  New  York. 


16 


Contributions  may  be  sent  in  care  of  Dr.  Louis 
Ivlopscb,  proprietor  “Christian  Herald,”  Bible 
House,  New  York,  who  will  acknowledge. 

Funds  for  the  first  colony  should  be  forthcoming 
as  speedily  as  possible,  so  that  work  may  begin  in 
the  dry  season.  Delay  will  cause  additional  diffi¬ 
culties,  sickness  and  possibly  death. 


The  project  of  this  “  Philafrican  Liberators' 
League”  has  been  officially  endorsed  by  a  resolu¬ 
tion  of  the  African  Congress,  held  at  Atlanta,  Ga., 
December  13-15,  1895;  a  Congress  in  which  the 
leading  men  of  the  colored  race  in  America,  and 
friends  of  the  negro  from  North  and  South  had 
assembled  to  study  the  problems  of  the  race  and  of 
the  Dark  Continent. 


Writing  about  it,  the  Rt.  Rev.  H.  C.  Potter, 
Bishop  of  New  York,  says:  “  It  is  a  noble  recogni¬ 
tion  of  an  imperious  duty,  and  it  has  my  hearty 
sympathy  and  approval.” 

It  is  also  recommended  by 


Hon.  Chas.  P.  Daly, 

Paul  B.  Du  Chaillu, 

Cyrus  C.  Adams,  Esq., 

Hon.  Oscar  S.  Straus, 

Wm.  E.  Dodge,  Esq., 
Cleveland  H.  Dodge,  Esq., 
Drs.  T.  B.  and  C.  E.  Welch, 
Harrington  Putnam,  Esq., 


Bishop  Wm.  Taylor, 

Bishop  I.  W.  Joyce, 

Rev.  Lyman  Abbott,  D.D., 
Rev.  David  H.  Greer,  D.D., 
Rev.  C.  C.  Tiffany,  D.D., 
Rev.  a.  F.  Beard,  D.D., 
Rev.  Chas.  E.  Knox,  D.D., 
and  others. 


